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In this. Given the importance of letters as data for several types of diachronic investigation, the http://replace.me/28548.txt focuses on three points that are crucial for an understanding of the relevance of epistolary discourse itself in early modern European culture. Our company offices are located in northwestern Kentucky, and locally cover a six-county area. We have a special interest in the safety of children.
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From minding your Ps and Qs to wondering why X should mark the spot, Alphabetical is a book for everyone who loves words and language. Whether it’s how letters are arranged on keyboards or Viking runes, textspeak or zip codes, this book will change the way you think about letters for ever. How on Earth did we fix upon our twenty-six letters , what do they really mean, and how did we come to write them down in the first place? Michael Rosen takes you on an unforgettable adventure through the hi Analysis of pp and pp -bar elastic scattering amplitudes at high energies.
Ferreira, E. Full text: A careful analysis of high energies elastic scattering data at 7 TeV for pp , – GeV for pp -bar and GeV for pp -bar in terms of its amplitudes has been performed as natural extension of previous analysis for lower energies.
The disentanglement of the real and imaginary parts is written consistently with constraints from dispersion relations for amplitudes and for slopes, and also satisfying the universal asymptotic behavior for large t values due to the three gluon Exchange process.
It is predicted that future measurements at large t will be connected smoothly with the perturbative tail observed in the interval 5. It is stressed for the consistent description of elastic pp and pp -bar data and pointed out the importance of the future measurements in the Coulomb interference range and in the transition range to the perturbative tail where the perturbative and non-perturbative effects appears together. Full Text Available Abstract The intensity of emotion and fluctuation of meaning in the poet’s mind causes him to go beyond the ordinary language and convey intellectual and emotional meanings through metaphors, similes and linguistic preparations.
He has sharp eyes and a sensitive spirit and creative temperament and attempts strengthening his own literary language and creating personal style by inventing novel images, showing the creativity and imagination and entering in various arenas of imagination. This point more than anything else could be done by presenting images and new figures. Perhaps in the sixth century, and especially in Azerbaijani school, more than other periods, poets have been looking for creating innovative style in eloquence.
Their major attempts were mainly in imaging, a wide field that they have competed. It is obvious that in this illustration the alphabet letters would be very helpful. Khaghani’s Divan of poetry, as one of the greatest poets of this school, is the perfect poetical book of paintings in which meaning has been hidden under a delicate pattern and new different scientific, cultural and religious images. Letters are a broad range of elements that put a new field in front of the poet and he is aware of the potential features of the letters , new images, and artistic creativity techniques as well.
Letter have a double and even multiple application in Khaghani’s poetic works divan and moreover the construction of words and conveying meaning which is the real and common usage, they were used as artistic instruments.
Letter position coding across modalities: the case of Braille readers. The question of how the brain encodes letter position in written words has attracted increasing attention in recent years. A number of models have recently been proposed to accommodate the fact that transposed- letter stimuli like jugde or caniso are perceptually very close to their base words.
Here we examined how letter position coding is attained in the tactile modality via Braille reading. The idea is that Braille word recognition may provide more serial processing than the visual modality, and this may produce differences in the input coding schemes employed to encode letters in written words. We found a word-frequency effect for words. In addition, unlike parallel experiments in the visual modality, we failed to find any clear signs of transposed- letter confusability effects.
This dissociation highlights the differences between modalities. The present data argue against models of letter position coding that assume that transposed- letter effects in the visual modality occur at a relatively late, abstract locus. Digit and letter alexia in carbon monoxide poisoning. This study examined a year-old patient with delayed encephalopathy, who was admitted to hospital with complaints of headache and visual impairment 1 week after acute carbon monoxide poisoning.
The results of a visual field assessment, electroencephalography and head magnetic resonance imaging indicated damage to the cerebral cortex. After a 2-week treatment period, the patient had recovered from the visual impairment, but exhibited digit- and letter -reading difficulty. The Chinese aphasia battery and the number and letter battery supplement were conducted. The results revealed that the patient exhibited digit and letter alexia, while the ability to read Chinese characters was preserved.
In contrast, the patient exhibited a deficit in Chinese character writing, while number and letter writing remained intact. Following treatment, reading and writing ability was improved and electroencephalographic abnormalities were ameliorated. Overall, our experimental findings demonstrated that delayed encephalopathy following acute carbon monoxide poisoning was characterized by digit and letter alexia.
In discussing letter -writing methods for business communication classes, the article explains that claim letter formats other than the direct approach are not only legitimate, but also effective, and suggests that the approach selected should depend upon the circumstances surrounding the claim.
Culture and subculture in transactional letter writing. We examined the letters accompanying articles initially submitted for publication by 26 NSE and 23 NNSE academics, and compared them with ef In this paper, the effect of the compatibilisers-dispersants and other nanofillers on melt spinning of the polypropylene PP composites, containing carbon nanotubes CNTs , and carbon black pigment CBP has been investigated.
Further, the structure and selected properties of composite fibers, such as mechanical and electrical have been studied. It is based on perturbative QCD plus phenomenological models for jet and beam jet fragmentation. One part of the composites was manufactured by direct thermoplastic mixing PP with the filler, but the other one was made from solution casted masterbatch with the following thermoplastic mixing.
An increase of mechanical properties Young’s modulus, storage modulus and tensile strength , compared to an increase of glass transition temperature indicated a reinforcement effect of CNTs on PP matrix, determined from the tensile tests and differential mechanical analysis DMA , while the elongation was reduced, compared to PP matrix. By differential scanning calorimetry DSC analysis, the effect of nanofiller on the reorganization of PP crystallites was observed. A noticeable enhanced effect on increase of the crystallization temperature was indicated for masterbatch manufactured composite.
An increase of thermal stability was also observed, compared to pristine PP and the composite made by direct thermoplastic mixing PP with the filler. Particles and nuclei, letters. Over the last decade Grid PP has gone from a mere proposal to almost 30, CPUs working for researchers scattered across the globe. The main meeting was held over 2 days in the IT auditorium and was the perfect opportunity to have contributions from experts based at CERN, alongside those from within Grid PP.
Bach, P. A carbon polarimeter spin-analyzed the scattered proton, 3 MWPC’s tracked the recoil charged particle and a 3. Full Text Available The question of how the brain encodes letter position in written words has attracted increasing attention in recent years. Experimental test of contemporary mathematical models of visual letter recognition. A letter confusion experiment that used brief durations manipulated payoffs across the four stimulus letters , which were composed of line segments equal in length.
The observers were required to report the features they perceived as well as to give a letter response. The early feature-sampling process is separated from the later letter -decision process in the substantive feature models, and predictions are thus obtained for the frequencies of feature report as well as letter report. Four substantive visual feature-processing models are developed and tested against one another and against three models of a more descriptive nature.
The substantive models predict the decisional letter report phase much better than they do the feature-sampling phase, but the best overall 4 X 4 letter confusion matrix fits are obtained with one of the descriptive models, the similarity choice model. The present and other recent results suggest that the assumption that features are sampled in a stochastically independent manner may not be generally valid.
The traditional high-threshold conceptualization of feature sampling is also falsified by the frequent reporting by observers of features not contained in the stimulus letter. The evidence for the effectiveness of the first letter mnemonic technique is confused. There are at least three studies showing no effect, and one where an improvement in recall occurred.
Reports two experiments which attempted to locate the conditions under which the first letter mnemonic is effective. An institution may award a fellowship to a student for— 1 One Extra-large letter spacing improves reading in dyslexia. Although the causes of dyslexia are still debated, all researchers agree that the main challenge is to find ways that allow a child with dyslexia to read more words in less time, because reading more is undisputedly the most efficient intervention for dyslexia.
Sophisticated training programs exist, but they typically target the component skills of reading, such as phonological awareness. After the component skills have improved, the main challenge remains that is, reading deficits must be treated by reading more—a vicious circle for a dyslexic child. Here, we show that a simple manipulation of letter spacing substantially improved text reading performance on the fly without any training in a large, unselected sample of Italian and French dyslexic children.
Extra-large letter spacing helps reading, because dyslexics are abnormally affected by crowding, a perceptual phenomenon with detrimental effects on letter recognition that is modulated by the spacing between letters.
Extra-large letter spacing may help to break the vicious circle by rendering the reading material more easily accessible. Letters of reference are widely used as an essential part of the hiring process of newly licensed teachers.
While the predictive validity of these letters of reference has been called into question it has never been empirically studied. The current study examined the predictive validity of the quality of letters of reference for forty-one student…. Teaching letter sounds to kindergarten English language learners using incremental rehearsal. Proficiency in letter -sound correspondence is important for decoding connected text.
This study examined the effects of an evidence-based intervention, incremental rehearsal IR , on the letter -sound expression of three kindergarten English language learners ELLs performing below the district benchmark for letter -sound fluency. Participants were native speakers of Hmong, Spanish, and Polish. A multiple-baseline design across sets of unknown letter sounds was used to evaluate the effects of IR on letter -sound expression. Visual analysis of the data showed an increase in level and trend when IR was introduced in each phase.
All participants exceeded expected growth and reached the spring district benchmark for letter -sound fluency. Results suggest that IR is a promising intervention for increasing letter -sound expression for ELLs who evidence delays in acquiring letter sounds. We certify that the wording of this letter of credit is identical to the wording specified in 40 CFR Particles and Nuclei, Letters. The elaboration of motor programs for the automation of letter production.
We investigated how children learn to write letters. Letter writing evolves from stroke-by-stroke to whole- letter programming. At ages 6 and 7 movement duration, dysfluency and trajectory increased with stroke number. This indicates that the motor program they activated mainly coded information on stroke production.
Stroke number affected the older children’s production much less, suggesting that they programmed stroke chunks or the whole letter. The fact that movement duration and dysfluency decreased from ages 6 to 8, and remained stable at ages 8 and 9 suggests that automation of letter writing begins at age 8. Peer assessment of outpatient consultation letters — feasibility and satisfaction.
Full Text Available Abstract Background Written correspondence is one of the most important forms of communication between health care providers, yet there is little feedback provided to specialists. The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility and satisfaction of a peer assessment program on consultation letters and to determine inter-rater reliability between family physicians and specialists. Methods A rating scale of nine 5-point Likert scale items including specific content, style items, education value of the letter and an overall rating was developed from a previous validated tool.
Two Internal Medicine specialists, and 2 family physicians from the other centre rated each letter to protect writer anonymity. A satisfaction survey was sent to each writer and rater after collation of the results.
A follow-up survey was sent 6—8 months later. Results There was a high degree of satisfaction with the process and feedback. Raters rank ordered letters similarly Cronbach’s alpha 0. At site 1 there were significant differences in scoring brevity p Conclusion Most participants found peer assessment of letters feasible and beneficial and longstanding changes occurred in some individuals.
Family physicians and specialists appear to have different expectations on some items. Further studies on reliability and validity, with a larger sample, are required before high stakes professional assessments include consultation letters. Forward diffraction amplitude of pp and pp elastic scattering at accelerator energies.
A simple relation between the total cross section and the forward exponential slope of the elastic differential cross section of pp and pp scattering is indicated. An interpretation of this relation is presented as the formation of a black-disk structure for the elastic diffraction interaction of hadron-hadron scattering at the nonasymptotic energy region. Pseudo-synesthesia through reading books with colored letters. A relatively common type of synesthesia involves perception of color when viewing letters e.
In this study, we examine whether traits typically regarded as markers of synesthesia can be acquired by simply reading in color. A modified Stroop task was administered before and after reading. A perceptual crowding task was administered after reading. Readers did not show significant performance advantages on the crowding task compared to controls.
Acknowledging the many differences between trainees and synesthetes, results suggest that it may be possible to acquire a subset of synesthetic behavioral traits in adulthood through training. Reading in color appears to be a promising avenue in which we may explore the differences and similarities between synesthetes and non-synesthetes. Additionally, reading in color is a plausible method for a long-term ‘synesthetic’ training program.
Letter of Map Revision. In the course of this analysis several cross checks had to be performed. This report discusses two examples thereof.
In one test it was checked whether the presence of background events could introduce a bias on the applied partial wave analysis. Islam, M. Connecticut Univ. University Coll.
Grenoble-1 Univ. Antiproton-proton and proton-proton elastic scattering are studied simultaneously over the energy range..
The scattering is described as primarily due to two processes: diffraction and hard scattering. The latter originates from the scattering of a nucleon core off another core.
Destructive interference between the two processes produces dips in anti pp and pp differential cross-sections. As energy increases beyond the ISR range..
Differences between anti pp and pp differential cross-sections persist even at collider energies. Comparison with ISR data shows that the model provides a quantitative description of pp elastic scattering in this energy range. Predictions of anti pp and pp differential cross-sections at future collider energies..
In order to distinguish between competing models, need for measuring the anti pp differential cross-section at the ISR and SPS collider in the vertical stroketvertical stroke-range 0. Patient information letters on nutrition: development and implementation. Five nutritional guidance letters have since been developed with the Dutch Nutrition Center. Color associations for days and letters across different languages. While colors are commonplace in everyday metaphors, relatively little is known about implicit color associations to linguistic or semantic concepts in a general population.
In this study, we test color associations for ordered linguistic concepts letters and days. The culture and language specificity of these effects was examined in a large group of Dutch-speaking participants, 92 English-speaking participants, and 49 Hindi-speaking participants. Non-random distributions of color choices were revealed; consistencies were found across the three language groups in color preferences for both days and letters. Interestingly, while the Hindi-speaking participants were presented with letter stimuli matched on phonology, their pattern of letter -to-color preferences still showed similarities with Dutch- and English-speaking participants.
Furthermore, we found that that the color preferences corresponded between participants indicating to have conscious color experiences with letters or days putative synesthetes and participants who do not non-synesthetes.
We also explored possible mechanisms underlying the color preferences. While certainly not all variation can be explained or predicted, the results show that regularities are present in color-to- letter or color-to-day preferences in both putative synesthetes and non-synesthetes across languages.
Both letter -to-color and day-to-color preferences were influenced by multiple factors. The findings support a notion of abstract concepts such as days and letters that are not represented in isolation, but are connected to perceptual representational systems.
Full Text Available While colors are commonplace in everyday metaphors, relatively little is known about implicit color associations to linguistic or semantic concepts in a general population.
There were a few specific associations, including red for A, red for Monday, and white for Sunday. We also explored more general mechanisms, such as overall color preferences shown by Simner et al Michelangelo, a Tireless Letter Writer.
Full Text Available A titan of artistic creation, the sculptor-painter-architect Michelangelo was also a tireless letter writer. Five hundred and eighteen of his letters have reached us, stretching from his youth to the eve of his death, but we know that many others have been lost. How To Write a Business Letter.
Power of the Printed Word. Business letters should turn people on rather than turning them off. To write a good business letter , know what the goal is before starting to write, call the reader by name, tell what the letter is about in the first paragraph, refer to dates when answering letters , and write from the reader’s point of view. Be positive, be nice, and be natural. Full Text Available In the year was adopted the Publication no. Publication no. The Publication no.
The new Publication has brought a number of changes on the issues regarding the performance of the letters of credit, both in the relationship with the nonbanking institutions participants and in the relationship between the credit institutions participating in the performance of the letter of credit. This study, without being exhaustive, aims to capture the main aspects of novelty brought by the publication no. It has in view, in particular, the irrevocable character of the letter of credit, the elaboration method and procedure of the letter of credit, the participants to the unfolding of the specific relationship of the letter of credit and the main duties of the involved credit institutions.
Return to sender: Constantijn Huygens as a man of letters. Evidence for magnocellular involvement in the identification of flanked letters. Little is known about the role of the magno system in reading. One important hypothesis is that this system is involved in the allocation of attention. We reasoned that the presentation of a single letter automatically draws attention to this letter , whereas in the case of a flanked letter , an.
Oliani, Washington L. The linearity of the chains confers to i PP , low melt strength, which means a low strength to stretching during elongation. The increase of melt strength and the extensibility is due to the increase of the entanglement of the macromolecules chains. The HMS- PP high melt strength polypropylene was synthesized based on the grains i PP through gamma irradiation in the i PP under acetylene atmosphere followed by heat treatment for recombination and subsequent annihilation of the other free radicals.
The i PP degradation process has the predominance of chain scissions, with carbonyl and hydroperoxides formation which act as initiators of photo degradation mechanisms. Letter to Carl Niigeli. We reproduce an english translation of one of these letters below, in which Letters of intent. After initial discussions of ‘Expressions of Interest’ at the specially arranged meeting at Evian-les-Bains, France, earlier this year May, page 1 , three Letters of Intent have emerged, together involving nearly physicists from research institutes all over the world.
As well as these researchers listed on the documents, the plans in fact involve many additional technical specialists who work behind the scenes. It was a historic moment as these three detector proposals were aired at the first open meeting of the new LHC Experiments Committee. CERN’s main auditorium and a large overflow room receiving relayed video pictures were both packed.
From these three schemes – ATLAS, CMS and L3P – and the first reactions to their letters of intent, eventually two projects will emerge, for which full technical proposals will be prepared, including construction plans and credible costings.
Toxocariasis is one of the most important, but neglected, zoonoses, which is mainly caused by Toxocara canis. Background Synesthesia is a phenomenon where a stimulus produces consistent extraordinary subjective experiences. In this study, we examine whether traits. Letters on nuclear controversy. Heinz Maier-Leibnitz a well-known scientist, nuclear physicist, for 50 years, who publicily supported the idea not to overrate the dangers of peaceful utilization of nuclear energy, has grown tired of talking only to colleagues.
He invites a junior fellow physicist, who held engaged speeches against the nuclear power plant Zwentendorf, to an exchange of thoughts. Peter Kafka, an astro-physicist studied the self organisation of the universe from the big bang to the economic crisis and encountered the question of which conditions have to be fulfilled to prevent progress from becoming caranogenous. He became one of the spokesmen of ‘political ecology’ and called for resistance again large-scale technological use of scientific knowledge.
He was enthusiastic about the idea of an exchange of letters , because he – just like his partner – believes in gaining knowledge by discussion.
The variety of subjects is sketched briefly in form of three lectures. In the letters both scientists discuss intensly about: – Freedom of science and responsibility of science. In the end no one has convinced the other.
The reader however finds a lot of new incentives in the letters – printed in unabridged form – a lot of new and significant arguments for a discussion which has only just started.
Transposed- letter priming of prelexical orthographic representations. A prime generated by transposing two internal letters e. In lexical decision, this transposed- letter TL priming effect is generally weak or absent for nonword targets; thus, it is unclear whether the origin of this effect is lexical or prelexical.
The authors describe the Bayesian Reader theory of masked priming D. Kinoshita, , which explains why nonwords do not show priming in lexical decision but why they do in the cross-case same-different task. Ledingham , Guenther Rosner. Log in with Facebook Log in with Google. Remember me on this computer. Enter the email address you signed up with and we’ll email you a reset link.
Need an account? Click here to sign up. Download Free PDF. Third, the letter Phenomenon: Fourth-year medical students obtain Department of Medicine DOM letters “Chair” letters to support their residency applications. Writing and interpreting DOM letters are challenging. There is heterogeneity in the letters that makes it difficult to both write and read these letters.
The purpose of this study is to determine the value of new guidelines developed by a task force of clerkship directors and program directors in internal medicine and assess the implementation of these guidelines. The Clerkship Directors in Internal Medicine performed a cross-sectional survey of internal medicine clerkship directors at U.
In addition, the primary author’s institution reviewed 1, DOM letters between and to assess the implementation of these guidelines. DOM letter writers reported the guidelines were better, easier to implement, and more compatible with the purpose of DOM letters than previously. Most letter readers reported that letters using the guidelines were more credible.
Writers of DOM letters in lower academic ranks rated the letters with guidelines higher in several domains than those in higher academic ranks. Readers of DOM letters in higher academic ranks rated the letters with guidelines higher in several domains than those in lower academic ranks. In the DOM letters examined, the odds of meeting each guideline increased with each additional year.
However, for 3 guidelines there was an initial decline in adherence from to before increasing again in the recommended length, clerkship description, and detailed narrative guidelines. Letters solely written by a chair were less likely to incorporate the guidelines.
Insights: Clerkship directors often write the DOM letters and identify with the purpose of the guidelines. As writers, lower ranking academic faculty value the guidelines more than higher ranking academic faculty.
As readers of DOM letters. Maritime Geo-Fence Letter Report. Johnson Distribution Statement A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. July Report No. The role of sensorimotor learning in the perception of letter -like forms: tracking the causes of neural specialization for letters. Functional specialization in the brain is considered a hallmark of efficient processing. It is therefore not surprising that there are brain areas specialized for processing letters.
To better understand the causes of functional specialization for letters , we explore the emergence of this pattern of response in the ventral processing stream through a training paradigm. Previously, we hypothesized that the specialized response pattern seen during letter perception may be due in part to our experience in writing letters. The work presented here investigates whether or not this aspect of letter processing-the integration of sensorimotor systems through writing-leads to functional specialization in the visual system.
To test this idea, we investigated whether or not different types of experiences with letter -like stimuli “pseudoletters” led to functional specialization similar to that which exists for letters. Neural activation patterns were measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging fMRI before and after three different types of training sessions. Participants were trained to recognize pseudoletters by writing, typing, or purely visual practice.
Results suggested that only after writing practice did neural activation patterns to pseudoletters resemble patterns seen for letters. That is, neural activation in the left fusiform and dorsal precentral gyrus was greater when participants viewed pseudoletters than other, similar stimuli but only after writing experience.
Neural activation also increased after typing practice in the right fusiform and left precentral gyrus, suggesting that in some areas, any motor experience may change visual processing. The results of this experiment suggest an intimate interaction among perceptual and motor systems during pseudoletter perception that may be extended to everyday letter perception.
Describes a three-part assignment in which each student writes a complaint letter and an adjustment letter responding to another student’s complaint letter. Discusses how the third part of the assignment–journal entries–allows students to formulate their own criteria for excellent letters based upon their reactions to the letters they receive. Characterising non-urgent users of the emergency department ED : A retrospective analysis of routine ED data.
The pressures of patient demand on emergency departments EDs continue to be reported worldwide, with an associated negative impact on ED crowding and waiting times. It has also been reported that a proportion of attendances to EDs in different international systems could be managed in settings such as primary care. This study used routine ED data to define, measure and profile non-urgent ED attendances that were suitable for management in alternative, non-emergency settings.
A validated process based definition of non-urgent attendance was refined for this study and applied to the data. Using summary statistics non-urgent attenders were examined by variables hypothesised to influence them as follows: age at arrival, time of day and day of week and mode of arrival.
Odds ratios were calculated to compare non-urgent attenders between groups. There were 3,, first time attendances to EDs , of which , were defined as non-urgent Alternative services are required to manage non-urgent demand, currently being borne by the ED and the ambulance service, particularly in out of hours.
Publication of the inspection follow-up letters of the ASN on its site web asn. The ASN carries out about inspections every year which concern the French nuclear facilities, the central services of nuclear operators or of their suppliers, and the transports of nuclear materials.
Each inspection is followed by a follow-up letter which mentions all anomalies noticed during the inspection and eventually asks for some remedial actions or for some complements of information. This document brings together the letters published between february and May and concerning the on-site inspections of nuclear facilities Ed F nuclear power plants, CEA centers, Cogema facilities, other sites and the off-site inspections Andra, transports of nuclear materials.
Examines how metadiscourse is used to create a positive corporate image in CEOs’ letters , showing how CEOs use nonpropositional material to realize rational, credible, and affective appeals. Reveals the essentially rhetorical nature of CEOs’ letters by comparing the frequency and distribution of metadiscourse in their letters and directors’…. EDS operator and control software. Major topics discussed in this paper are the EDS operator interface SHELL program, the data acquisition and analysis scheduling software, and the graphics software.
The workstation concept used in EDS , the software used to configure a user’s workstation, and the ownership and management of a diagnostic are described. An EDS diagnostic is a combination of hardware and software designed to study specific aspects of the process.
Overall system performance is discussed from the standpoint of scheduling techniques, evaluation tools, optimization techniques, and program-to-program communication methods. EDS is based on a data driven design which keeps the need to modify software to a minimum.
This design requires a fast and reliable data base management system. The benefits derived by using HP hardware and software as well as obstacles imposed by the HP environment are presented in relation to EDS development and implementation.
A very lively woman of fashion, she was close to Queen Charlotte and one of the Bluestocking Ladies. She left a vivid portrait of life and society in eighteenth century England and Ireland in the six volumes of her Autobiography and Letters , edited in by her descendant Lady Llanover.
Her autobiography is made up of 18 letters sent to her most intimate friend, Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Portland. The first letter is dated , but in this, as in the following ones, Mrs. Delany narrates her past life to her friend, starting from the early years of her life, describing her unhappy marriage, financial difficulties as a widow, and family relationships.
Delany is dealing with. The aim of this paper is to focus on the textual, linguistic and content differences between the two letter types, and analyse how the identity of Mary Delany is differently constructed and perceived in the explicit autobiographical letters addressed to the Duchess of Portland, and the ones written to her sister. If you are an educator creating a course for ed X or a corporate trainer using Open ed X for large-scale learning and development initiatives, then ed X E-Learning Course Development is the ideal book for you.
Letters of reference are commonly used in acquiring a job in education. Despite serious issues of validity and reliability in writing and evaluating letters , there is a dearth of research that systematically examines the evaluation process and defines the constructs that define high quality letters.
The current study used NVivo to examine …. Sixty-Minute Review of Letter Writing. The article describes a one-hour presentation which provides a basic stereotyped pattern of letter organization for the four types of letters order, request, claim, and reply the business of secretarial student is most likely to have to write. The four paragraphs of the pattern are: purpose, explanation, optional, and closing. An extension of the tabulation of this history, which first appeared on the EDS website, is given in the attached PDF.
It is with sadness that we note one of the founders of the series, Prof. It has become a tradition to make an award in his name, and this year it was made to Ivan Isacov for his poster “Electrical levels of dislocation networks in p- and n-type silicon”. A short and warm celebration of Prof. Dr Alexander’s life by his friends and colleagues, Prof. The conference was a forum for the state-of-the-art of investigation and modelling of extended defects in semiconductors.
Scientists from universities, research institutes and industry made contributions to a deeper understanding of extended defects, their interaction with point defects and their role in the development of semiconductor technology.
The remit of the conference included extended defects, nanostructures, nanoparticles, quantum dots and interfaces within semiconducting materials ranging from narrow to wide band gaps, including graphene-derived materials and diamond.
Scientific interests range from defect geometry, electronic structure, dynamics, spectroscopy, microscopy, reactions and chemistry to introduction mechanisms, such as implantation and strained layers and the operation of devices such as integrated circuits, heterostructures, and solar cells. The organisers were confronted with a long period between. Calcolo scientifico esercizi e problemi risolti con Matlab e Octave. Esso affronta tutti gli argomenti tipici della Matematica Numerica, spaziando dal problema di risolvere sistemi di equazioni lineari e non lineari a quello di approssimare una funzione, di calcolare i suoi minimi, le sue derivate ed il suo integrale definito fino alla risoluzione di equazioni differenziali ordinarie e alle derivate parziali con metodi alle differenze finite ed agli elementi finiti.
Un capitolo iniziale conduce lo studente ad un rapido ripasso degli argomenti dell’Analisi Matematica e dell’Algebra Lineare di uso frequente nel volume e ad una introduzione ai linguaggi MATLAB e Octave. Al fine di rendere maggiormente incisiva la presentazione e fornire un riscontro quantitativo immediato alla teoria vengono implementati in linguaggio MATLAB e Octave tutti gli algoritmi che via via si introducono. Vengono inoltre proposti numerosi esercizi, tutti risolti per esteso, ed esempi, anche con riferimento ad applicazioni in Ed F: high tension s metamorphosis.
Electricite de France, the French electric utility, has to face a formidable mutation. The deregulation of the power market will lead to a social, commercial, judicial, financial and international ‘big-bang’. The company has been weakened by disappointing results and by an embarrassing running into debts. This dossier analyzes the consequences of the deregulation of the French power market on the future evolution of Ed F. It includes the analysis made by a French economist, E.
Cohen, an interview and a portrait of F. Roussely, head of Ed F, a presentation of Easenergy, a start-up of Ed F which makes partnerships with US energy-related companies, the worries of Ed F’s employees and the redistribution of the syndicates power inside the company, the controversy around Ed F’s results and the points that remained in the shade, Ed F’s European competitors and the progressive opening of the French power market, EDF’s production tool and its availability 58 nuclear reactors, hydroelectric power plants and 26 thermal power plants , the costly foreign markets strategy of Ed F and the under-capitalization of the company.
Initial and noninitial name- letter preferences as obtained through repeated letter rating tasks continue to reflect different aspects of self-esteem. We tested the usefulness of name- letter preference scores as indirect indicators of self-esteem by exploring whether multiple unsupervised self-administrations of letter rating tasks within a short period of time yield useful data.
We also examined whether preferences for initials and noninitial name- letters tap different aspects of self-esteem. They also completed a trait self-esteem questionnaire on the first measurement day as well as 6 months later. Preference scores for first-name initials were stronger but more unstable than preference scores for other name- letters.
Preferences for first-name initials were primarily associated with directly measured state self-esteem whereas preferences for noninitials were primarily associated with directly measured trait self-esteem even if the latter was measured 6 months later. Thus, we showed that preferences for initials and noninitials are not simply interchangeable. Previous letter rating studies, which almost exclusively used initial preferences, should be interpreted in terms of state rather than trait self-esteem.
In future studies, researchers should focus on the name- letter preference that reflects the aspect of self-esteem they wish to address. Advice letter on policy instruments renewable electricity. In a letter of July the Energy Council made recommendations for a policy framework with more obligations and fewer subsidies. This included the Energy Council’s advice to investigate whether the introduction of a supplier obligation could play a major role in the realisation of the CO2 emission target of the Netherlands and increase the share of renewable energy in line with European agreements.
This advice letter deals with one aspect of the broader considerations: the share of renewable electricity and the kind of incentive framework that is needed to achieve the target concerned. This letter closes with conclusions and recommendations. From minding your Ps and Qs to wondering why X should mark the spot, Alphabetical is a book for everyone who loves words and language.
Whether it’s how letters are arranged on keyboards or Viking runes, textspeak or zip codes, this book will change the way you think about letters for ever. How on Earth did we fix upon our twenty-six letters , what do they really mean, and how did we come to write them down in the first place? Michael Rosen takes you on an unforgettable adventure through the hi Full Text Available Abstract The intensity of emotion and fluctuation of meaning in the poet’s mind causes him to go beyond the ordinary language and convey intellectual and emotional meanings through metaphors, similes and linguistic preparations.
He has sharp eyes and a sensitive spirit and creative temperament and attempts strengthening his own literary language and creating personal style by inventing novel images, showing the creativity and imagination and entering in various arenas of imagination. This point more than anything else could be done by presenting images and new figures. Perhaps in the sixth century, and especially in Azerbaijani school, more than other periods, poets have been looking for creating innovative style in eloquence.
Their major attempts were mainly in imaging, a wide field that they have competed. It is obvious that in this illustration the alphabet letters would be very helpful. Khaghani’s Divan of poetry, as one of the greatest poets of this school, is the perfect poetical book of paintings in which meaning has been hidden under a delicate pattern and new different scientific, cultural and religious images.
Letters are a broad range of elements that put a new field in front of the poet and he is aware of the potential features of the letters , new images, and artistic creativity techniques as well. Letter have a double and even multiple application in Khaghani’s poetic works divan and moreover the construction of words and conveying meaning which is the real and common usage, they were used as artistic instruments.
Letter position coding across modalities: the case of Braille readers. The question of how the brain encodes letter position in written words has attracted increasing attention in recent years.
A number of models have recently been proposed to accommodate the fact that transposed- letter stimuli like jugde or caniso are perceptually very close to their base words.
Here we examined how letter position coding is attained in the tactile modality via Braille reading. The idea is that Braille word recognition may provide more serial processing than the visual modality, and this may produce differences in the input coding schemes employed to encode letters in written words.
We found a word-frequency effect for words. In addition, unlike parallel experiments in the visual modality, we failed to find any clear signs of transposed- letter confusability effects. This dissociation highlights the differences between modalities.
The present data argue against models of letter position coding that assume that transposed- letter effects in the visual modality occur at a relatively late, abstract locus. Digit and letter alexia in carbon monoxide poisoning. This study examined a year-old patient with delayed encephalopathy, who was admitted to hospital with complaints of headache and visual impairment 1 week after acute carbon monoxide poisoning.
The results of a visual field assessment, electroencephalography and head magnetic resonance imaging indicated damage to the cerebral cortex. After a 2-week treatment period, the patient had recovered from the visual impairment, but exhibited digit- and letter -reading difficulty. The Chinese aphasia battery and the number and letter battery supplement were conducted. The results revealed that the patient exhibited digit and letter alexia, while the ability to read Chinese characters was preserved.
In contrast, the patient exhibited a deficit in Chinese character writing, while number and letter writing remained intact. Following treatment, reading and writing ability was improved and electroencephalographic abnormalities were ameliorated. Overall, our experimental findings demonstrated that delayed encephalopathy following acute carbon monoxide poisoning was characterized by digit and letter alexia.
In discussing letter -writing methods for business communication classes, the article explains that claim letter formats other than the direct approach are not only legitimate, but also effective, and suggests that the approach selected should depend upon the circumstances surrounding the claim. Culture and subculture in transactional letter writing.
We examined the letters accompanying articles initially submitted for publication by 26 NSE and 23 NNSE academics, and compared them with ef Particles and nuclei, letters. Full Text Available The question of how the brain encodes letter position in written words has attracted increasing attention in recent years.
Experimental test of contemporary mathematical models of visual letter recognition. A letter confusion experiment that used brief durations manipulated payoffs across the four stimulus letters , which were composed of line segments equal in length. The observers were required to report the features they perceived as well as to give a letter response.
The early feature-sampling process is separated from the later letter -decision process in the substantive feature models, and predictions are thus obtained for the frequencies of feature report as well as letter report. Four substantive visual feature-processing models are developed and tested against one another and against three models of a more descriptive nature. The substantive models predict the decisional letter report phase much better than they do the feature-sampling phase, but the best overall 4 X 4 letter confusion matrix fits are obtained with one of the descriptive models, the similarity choice model.
The present and other recent results suggest that the assumption that features are sampled in a stochastically independent manner may not be generally valid. The traditional high-threshold conceptualization of feature sampling is also falsified by the frequent reporting by observers of features not contained in the stimulus letter. CERN Multimedia. The purpose of the joint project beteween CERN and EDS is to carry out research and development in the field of monitoring, management and operation of grid services.
Full Text Available Background: Fibronectin seems to play a very important role in the progression and invasion of bladder cancer. The aim of this study is to investigate the mRNA of fibronectin in transitional carcinoma cells TCC of bladder to study these domains. Methods: A total of 20 patients with known bladder cancer were studied.
Two of them excluded since their excised tissues were not enough for both the pathological examination and RNA study. Another 20 control group were normal volunteers who needed bladder operations.
Results: For the first time, we present the expression of the oncofetal fibronectin mRNA in the transitional cell carcinoma of bladder. None of the normal volunteers expressed the oncofetal extra domains. The evidence for the effectiveness of the first letter mnemonic technique is confused. There are at least three studies showing no effect, and one where an improvement in recall occurred.
Reports two experiments which attempted to locate the conditions under which the first letter mnemonic is effective. Extra-large letter spacing improves reading in dyslexia. Although the causes of dyslexia are still debated, all researchers agree that the main challenge is to find ways that allow a child with dyslexia to read more words in less time, because reading more is undisputedly the most efficient intervention for dyslexia.
Sophisticated training programs exist, but they typically target the component skills of reading, such as phonological awareness. After the component skills have improved, the main challenge remains that is, reading deficits must be treated by reading more—a vicious circle for a dyslexic child. Here, we show that a simple manipulation of letter spacing substantially improved text reading performance on the fly without any training in a large, unselected sample of Italian and French dyslexic children.
Extra-large letter spacing helps reading, because dyslexics are abnormally affected by crowding, a perceptual phenomenon with detrimental effects on letter recognition that is modulated by the spacing between letters. Extra-large letter spacing may help to break the vicious circle by rendering the reading material more easily accessible.
Letters of reference are widely used as an essential part of the hiring process of newly licensed teachers. While the predictive validity of these letters of reference has been called into question it has never been empirically studied. The current study examined the predictive validity of the quality of letters of reference for forty-one student….
Teaching letter sounds to kindergarten English language learners using incremental rehearsal. Proficiency in letter -sound correspondence is important for decoding connected text. This study examined the effects of an evidence-based intervention, incremental rehearsal IR , on the letter -sound expression of three kindergarten English language learners ELLs performing below the district benchmark for letter -sound fluency.
Participants were native speakers of Hmong, Spanish, and Polish. A multiple-baseline design across sets of unknown letter sounds was used to evaluate the effects of IR on letter -sound expression. Visual analysis of the data showed an increase in level and trend when IR was introduced in each phase.
All participants exceeded expected growth and reached the spring district benchmark for letter -sound fluency. Results suggest that IR is a promising intervention for increasing letter -sound expression for ELLs who evidence delays in acquiring letter sounds. Published by Elsevier Ltd. We certify that the wording of this letter of credit is identical to the wording specified in 40 CFR Particles and Nuclei, Letters. The elaboration of motor programs for the automation of letter production.
We investigated how children learn to write letters. Letter writing evolves from stroke-by-stroke to whole- letter programming. Bilateral symmetry is a salient object property. Will perceived bilateral symmetry impede our. Faces are naturally suitable to address. We used 3-D scans of real faces to construct natural-looking synthetic faces with varying. Two images of a synthetic frontal-view face were displayed side by side.
Discrimination sensitivity increased with the average degree of asymmetry of the two faces,. This suggests that perceived symmetry. Nor is the result. This is because. Facial expressions may be considered as time series in the space of the image, with the image. This trajectory lies in. In this work, PCA is performed on a set of.
Such an analysis ignores. However, temporal information is implicit in the statistics of the set, as neighbouring frames are. The time sequence of the image, as coded in PC space, shows a characteristic trajectory. The first. This result is shown to be robust across subjects, ie different faces appear to.
Face categorisation presents an interesting example of object expertise. Unlike expertise with. We examined the perceptual underpinnings of face categorisations. In particular, we investigated. Experiment 1 was designed to test whether the scale bias that arose in the process of resolving. In experiment 2 we applied such transfer of a bias to the situation. Thus, a succession of categorisations.
Such spatial-scale set effect has important implications for classical issues, ranging from. For several decades, vision researchers have attempted to dissect the visual system both psychophysically. It is now appropriate to use the wealth of information gained with such. It is a tenet of. Another approach is to characterise the higher-order. Lastly, psychophysical experiments can be performed with complex visual stimuli whose.
To examine the effects of contrast adaptation on the spatial sensitivity of the visual system I used. Natural scenes have a characteristic. After adaptation, they.
Matches were made for six frequencies 0. Adaptation effects vary with the spectral slope of the adapting stimuli. Decreases in. By comparison, the effects. These results. They are discussed in light of recent reports that contrast adaptation may be an additional. Numerous studies have attempted to measure the relative strength of visual grouping cues. In this study,. This tool allows observers to rapidly trace the contours they perceive in a given.
ICE then automatically represents these contours as a sequence of local curve tangents. The statistics of these humanselected. These functions are found to be highly kurtotic. Random selection of curve. Prior terms are also computed from the human data. A signal estimation analysis.
These three cues are roughly independent, and combine effectively to provide more. A number of recent studies have emphasised the importance of investigating the statistical properties. In order to quantify the redundancies in natural images,. It can be shown,. In order to overcome these limitations inherent in the second-order approach, we have investigated. We argue that this higher-order redundancy can provide an explanation for the advantages of. However, a full exploitation.
We argue that these operators can be seen to decorrelate the statistics of natural images in a. We compared adaptation to 1 min of a natural time series with adaptation to. As a test stimulus we used a small circular patch 20 min of arc ,. The test was presented. Test intensity during the presentation period. We measured the detection threshold by.
Threshold c v for the natural time series 0. Thresholds increased approximately linearly with stimulus. Thresholds were found to depend solely on stimulus contrast; luminance. Threshold increase with contrast appears. A primary function of auditory localisation is to direct the gaze toward the source of sound. Accurate performance requires that the coordinates of auditory and visual space be in close alignment.
This alignment was investigated by using a method of laser pointing toward acoustic targets. Subjects, fixating either a target LED or a laser spot. The eccentricity of acoustic targets was generally overestimated up to However, when the sound source was straight ahead, eccentric. The results suggest interactive effects. The psychophysical findings correspond to neurophysiological data. Our main interest concerned the effect of presentation time on discrimination.
Depending on condition, subjects either saw or felt each cube for a specified time. The intramodal tasks were repeated with an. Gradually decreasing the presentation time in the. We hypothesise that the continuous recalibration. Furthermore, we conclude that acquiring precise size information is.
The occurrence. Motivated by this issue, we conducted a non-linguistic experiment to investigate the precision. Three selfnominated. In this way we were able to a gain a quantifiable measure of synaesthetic response. Participants were presented with pairs of stimuli, one either side of fixation, and were required.
On crossmodal. In experiment 2 all. Visual stimuli now had to occur more than ms before. By contrast, performance for intramodal VV and TT. These results suggest that attending to a. A musical score is a graph that displays the relative distribution of musical notes as a function of. Using this approach we have transformed. In addition, subjects. Apart from its potential use as a sensory aid to the blind, the research promises to have profound.
People with severe low vision typically can read only with large letter sizes achievable on computer. Even with magnified. At ARVO , we reported a variant. RSVP for low vision. With ESP, the reader elicits presentation of single words via a button press,. Text was 5th grade level, and presented with the same font TrueType Arial in. Reading speed for RSVP was. Many people who are registered as blind nevertheless retain some residual vision and are said to.
Conditions resulting in such low vision include cataracts, diabetic retinopathy,. In recent years principles from computer vision.
A variety of conventional. However, a fundamental limitation with conventional image-processing. Primarily, our system transforms an original image into a classified. By classification. Results obtained to date suggest that the system is capable of providing. We are now working on improving the speed. Diagonal and curved letters presented on a computer screen CRT , are jagged while the same.
We asked whether jagged and smooth letters of the same. Pairs of letters, either smooth or jagged, were presented to the subjects tachistoscopically. One letter of each pair was at the centre of gaze and the other in the. In successive presentations the peripheral letters were at. In this way we made plots of correct recognition as a function of eccentricity.
At eccentricities larger than 7. All differences were statistically significant except. Additional experiments ruled out accommodation as an explanation. Similarly aliasing was ruled out. We suggest that the difference in perceiving smooth or jagged. The strategies differ. The strategy in the wider field resembles that of. We measured the effects of letter spacing and size on reading rates.
We varied letter spacing. By varying viewing distance, we varied letter size from 0. We found that the optimal letter spacing. This optimal. We suggest that reading. Recent experiments from our laboratory have demonstrated that the lateral intraparietal area. LIP is preferentially active when monkeys are planning eye movements, while a second area. We have. In addition, the retinotopic.
The dominance of eye coordinates, even. Finally, previous studies from our laboratory and other laboratories have suggested that the. Thus, these two cortical areas appear to use. Imaging was performed with a 1. Fourteen 6-mm. The task was.
Twelve subjects with normal, or corrected-to-normal, visual acuity participated. In the simple response condition, BOLD contrast effects were evident in voxel clusters located.
During the active detection task, additional clusters were evident in inferotemporal. We conclude that several areas show significant BOLD contrast when a subject. In more severe amblyopes of either type , cells had poorer.
Qualitatively, these abnormalities in visual cortex. Quantitative analysis suggests, however, that these. Further studies. Visual responses depend on stimulus contrast and not simply on the absolute levels of retinal. We have calculated the contrasts in calibrated images of natural scenes using. Here we show that the. Using such. Thus, the majority of contrasts that these neurons are likely to. We tested.
We have also determined how the responses of these neurons depend on the. This allowed us to express their responses. Stimuli contained random dots with. In all conditions, stimulus dots were displayed for 3 min,.
Evoked responses were obtained for. The responses to expansion were nearly twice the size of. The weakest responses were to translation, noise and rotation producing. The preferential activation seen for expansion may reflect high ecological validity of this.
This modular theory is a computational simplification that treats the goal of vision. Researchers have been addressing how each of the modules could.
To this end we have had many ingenious inventions such as the. However, the simplifications. Second, isolation of visual. The illposedness. Using statistical methods such the Bayesian framework allows for. But, it seems still not to be. Perhaps a better way of thinking about seeing can be reformulated; vision does not start. Vision starts when a particular task has to be performed. The role of vision is not. The talks presented in this session perhaps give a.
To estimate the motion of an object, the visual system must combine multiple local measurements,. We present a model of motion perception. The estimator is one of the simplest reasonable estimators one can devise. The estimated motion. There are currently no detailed suggestions about how retinotopic information might be used to.
We present an alternative hypothesis in which only the relative positions ie relative visual. These angles can be used to triangulate the entire viewing. Gaze direction with respect to the head is not used. Relative positions are. The set of distant points thus forms a stable reference frame onto which the rest of retinotopic.
In the traditional analysis, gaze-holding eye movements in which. For the representation proposed here, gaze-holding eye movements are positively.
Visual illusions and ambiguous figures have provided researchers with important insights into. The advent of computers capable. Thus, the perceived depth, size, and location of an object can be controlled. We also tested stereo viewing and found that, if the object remained. The results indicate that motion parallax is an important cue for deciding. However, it is not sufficient to counteract these cues in. We discuss these results and go on to consider how.
We performed a series of experiments to understand how and when the visual system decomposes. Observers viewed a family of 1-D. Binocular disparity was used to cause the texture to.
Using a method of adjustment, observers judged the. Dramatic shifts in both. When the background was darker than the texture,. These regions. A new theoretical framework is introduced to explain the coupled changes in. This framework asserts that the visual. It is argued that this general principle can explain all versions of stereoscopic transparency.
The variable firing of cortical neurons limits the reliability of the signals they provide about. Studies from V1 in anaesthetised cats and monkeys suggest that the variance of. Although neurons may differ in the. Results more relevant for perception are obtained when the activity of. We conclude that it would be unsafe to use. Dichoptic vertical lines nonius , presented at a different depth plane from the plane of current.
This angular. Our aim was to validate this subjective estimate against a simultaneous. Vergence was estimated subjectively and objectively,. Two dual-Purkinje trackers provided a binocular eye-movement record. Nonius displacement was varied by a staircase procedure. Response frequencies in the nonius. Recorded vergence change during the stimulus interval was averaged. A t-test showed no differences. If a nonius target. However, our results show that alignment of.
Zipser et al Journal of Neuroscience 16 recently showed that the responses of neurons. The central region 2 deg covering the receptive field.
Zipser et al’s results, we found that i the initial transient response of the neurons was not. Substantial increases in neuronal firing were induced by small fixational. The enhanced neuronal responses appear to. Zipser et al found that changes in stimulus size reduced the magnitude of contextual.
The same changes systematically reduce the magnitude of the vergence responses. We conclude that the contextual modulation by disparity observed in V1 reflects changes in the. Stereopsis is useful for perceptually breaking up dense scenes such as foliage into different depth. We have considered the importance of spatial scale in this process, using a novel stimulus.
This is constructed by combining two sinusoidal. Each surface is composed of randomly positioned. Under appropriate conditions the two surfaces appear to weave in and out of each. We measured the threshold amplitude. When the micropatterns on the two surfaces. However, with as little as 1 octave difference in luminance spatial frequency, thresholds fell sharply. Along with this improvement in thresholds, the. In the. It is well known that chromatic information can assist in solving the stereo correspondence.
Recent studies have suggested that there are two independent first-order stereopsis. The stimuli possessed different relative amounts of chromatic and luminance. Stereoscopic performance. It was found that anticorrelated chromatic contrast severely disrupted stereopsis with achromatic. Less dramatic, but still significant, was the improvement in stereoacuity obtained when. These data are consistent with there being positive and negative interactions between.
Amblyopes have reduced contrast sensitivity as well as acuity. This reduction in contrast sensitivity. We have now studied the limits. We measured the effect of dynamic spatiotemporal. The monkeys were trained to detect the presence of a grating target in varying levels of background. The subjects. The effectiveness of noise in elevating contrast threshold is given by the equivalent input.
Interocular comparisons revealed that elevated.
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